In order to make a question in English, we utilize changes in word order and stress. Take for example the following.
i. Sam will go to the park.
ii. Will Sam go to the park?
As you can see, the words "Sam" and "will" flip whenever you turn the statement in Ex. i into a question. In addition, stress is placed on the word "park." In Japanese no word order change is necessary to form a question, but the question must be marked somehow at the end of the sentence. There are many ways to do this, and they all differ in the exact tone and purpose of the question. In a way, what English gets across via intonation is more explicitly stated with the aid of verbal emoticons (final particles.)
Because Japanese is more complicated in this respect, it's important for us to first start off with the most basic of questions and work our way up, understanding that more grammar is to come. In this endeavor, we will begin by studying the particle ka か.
Nouns ・高校生 Kōkōsei – High school student ・休憩 Kyūkei – Break ・（お）名前 (O)namae – Name ・（お）誕生日 (O)tanjōbi - Birthday ・試験 Shiken – Exam(ination) ・結婚式 Kekkonshiki – Wedding ・趣味 Shumi - Hobby ・トイレ Toire – Bathroom/toilet ・住所 Jūsho - Address ・サラダ Sarada - Salad ・人 Hito - Person ・座席 Zaseki – Seat(s) ・都合 Tsugō - Convenience ・足 Ashi – Foot/feet ・お土産 Omiyage – Souvenir(s) ・（お）飲み物 (O)nomimono Drink ・社長 Shachō – Company president ・問題 Mondai - Problem ・時間 Jikan - Time ・クモ Kumo - Spider ・雨 Ame - Rain ・鍵 Kagi – Key(s) Pronouns ・あんた Anta – You (Rough) ・君 Kimi – You (Informal) Proper Nouns ・山田さん Yamada-san – Mr./Mr(s). Yamada ・山下さん Yamashita-san – Mr./Mr(s). Yamashita ・日本 Nihon/Nippon – Japan ・上野公園 Ueno kōen – Ueno Park Demonstratives ・これ Kore – This (noun) ・それ Sore – That (noun) ・あれ Are – That over there (noun) ・あの Ano – That over there (adj.) | Adjectives ・かわいい Kawaii – Cute ・都合がいい Tsugō ga ii - Convenient ・痛い Itai - Painful ・いい Ii – Good Adjectival Nouns ・可能だ Kanō da – To be possible ・好きだ Suki da – To like ・嫌いだ Kirai da – To hate ・元気だ Genki da – To be well ・大丈夫だ Daijōbu da – To be alright ・あほだ Aho da – To be dumb/stupid Interjections ・はい Hai – Yes ・さ（あ） Sa(a) – Well (now)/come now ・では De wa – Well (now)/(well) then ・ああ Ā – Ah Adverbs ・もうMō – Already/(not) anymore/before long (u) Godan Verbs ・変わる Kawaru – To change (intr.) ・取る Toru – To take (trans.) ・行く Iku – To go (intr.) ・思う Omou – To think (trans.) ・分かるWakaru – To become clear/be known/understand (intr.) ・違う Chigau – To differ/be wrong (intr.) Interrogatives (Question Words) ・誰 Dare – Who ・何 Nani/nan – What ・いつ Itsu – When ・どこ Doko – Where ・どうして Dōshite – Why ・どう Dō – How |
The majority of questions we make on a daily basis revolve around the words "who," "what," when," "where," "why," and "how." Japanese is similar in this regard, but because a lot more complexity is placed on things like politeness, tone, and purpose of the question, things can get tricky very quickly. Putting all that aside, the basic means of expressing these questions in Japanese are as follows:
In English, these question words can be used more than just to literally create a question. For instance, they may denote a subordinate clause like in "I forgot what I did yesterday." They may also deviate further such as in "when I go to school" or "use this when you need help.' These unique circumstances call for particular grammar to be used in Japanese, some of which involves more than the basics we're going over now. You must first understand what exactly the Japanese words refer to in order to build upon them.
Form Note: The base form of "what" in Japanese is nani 何.
As you can see, these words are treated far more literally in Japanese. Itsu いつ, for instance, cannot be used to mean the "when" in "when I go to school" because there isn't anything unknown about this statement unless you were to change it to "when am I going to school?"
The Basic Question
The formula for a basic question in Japanese will be defined as a polite sentence with no deviation in tone from a simple, harmless question. Add anything to the mix and the result will likely be different. Now that we've seen what the basic question words are in Japanese, let's go over the very straightforward means of using ka か in a sentence: just add it to the end and you're done. That is quite literally all you have to do. Just so that questions don't take over your mind, however, we will see how exactly this all looks like with the parts of speech we've covered thus far.
| Part of Speech | + ka か |
| Noun | Kōkōsei desu ka? 高校生ですか (Is..a high school student?) |
| Adjective | Kawaii desu ka? かわいいですか (Is...cute?) |
| Adjectival Noun | Kanō desu ka? 可能ですか (Is...possible?) |
| Verb | Kawarimasu ka? 変わりますか (Will...change?) |
As you can see, there isn't anything particularly difficult about all this. With that being said, it's time to see how this all works in very real examples. Although you may not be able to ask all the questions in the world in Japanese just yet, you can still ask away.
1. 休憩を取りますか。
Kyūkei wo torimasu ka?
Will you take a break?
2. 山田さんはどこですか。
Yamada-san wa doko desu ka?
Where is Mr./Mr(s). Yamada?
3.（お）名前は何ですか。
(O)namae wa nan desu ka?
What is your name?
4.（お）誕生日はいつですか。
(O)tanjōbi wa itsu desu ka?
When is your birthday?
5. 試験はいつですか。
Shiken wa itsu desu ka?
When is the exam(ination)?
6. 結婚式はいつですか。
Kekkonshiki wa itsu desu ka?
When is the wedding?
7. 行きます（か）？
Ikimasu (ka)?
Will you go?/Shall we go?
8. 趣味は何ですか。
Shumi wa nan desu ka?
What are your hobbies?
9. トイレはどこですか。
Toire wa doko desu ka?
Where is the bathroom?
10. 住所はどこですか。
Jūsho wa doko desu ka?
What is your address?
11. どう思いますか。
Dō omoimasu ka?
What do you think (of it)?
12. 分かりますか。
Wakarimasu ka?
Do you follow/understand?
13. 分かりましたか。
Wakarimashita ka?
Have you got it?/Do you understand?
14. 違いますか。
Chigaimasu ka?
Is it wrong?/Am I wrong?
15. これは何ですか。
Kore wa nan desu ka?
What is this?
16. サラダが嫌いですか?
Sarada ga kirai desu ka?
Do you hate salad?
17. あの人は山下さんですか。
Ano hito wa Yamada-san desu ka?
Is that person over there Mr./Mr(s). Yamashita?
18. 「お元気ですか」「はい、元気です」
“Ogenki desu ka” “Hai, genki desu.”
“How are you?” “I’m doing well.”
Literally: “Are you doing well?” “Yes, I’m doing well.”
Phrase Note: This phrase is perhaps one of the most iconic phrases in Japanese. The o attached to genki 元気 indicates politeness, and it will continue to appear a few more times in this lesson.
X wa Y (question word) ga Z
When question words aren’t used as the predicate of the sentence, the differences between wa は and ga が become most apparent. Instead of seeing the question word at the end of the sentence preceded by wa は, you see that the question word is now marked by ga が and that the question word is pinpointing information about the topic. Thus, it's no longer a general question.
iii. What is a pet? → Question word at the end
iv. What would be good for a pet? → X wa Y (question word) ga Z
iii. and iv. illustrate how this grammatical difference works in English. iii. follows the same line of questioning seen in the previous section whereas iv. is indicative of the sorts of questions that will soon follow.
All the question words discussed can be used as either nouns or adverbs except dō どう (how), which can only be used as an adverb.
19. 座席はどこがいいですか。
Zaseki wa doko ga ii desu ka?
What seat(s) is/are good?
Literally: As for seat(s), where at is good?
20. いつ（が）都合がいいですか。
Itsu (ga) tsugō ga ii desu ka?
When will be convenient for you?
Literally: As for you, when is convenient?
Particle Note: Although itsu いつ can be used as a noun, this is not nearly as common, and so ga が is always optional after it. In this example sentence, tsugō ga ii 都合がいい is a set phrase meaning “convenient,” and because it is grammatically treated as a single adjective, two ga が become possible in the same clause.
21. 日本のどこが好きですか？
Nihon no doko ga suki desu ka?
What part of Japan do you like?
Literally: What of Japan do you like?
Particle Note: The particle no の is used here to indicate “of.” We will learn more about it later in IMABI, but it’s useful here to help make more substantive questions.
22. 足のどこが痛いですか。
Ashi no doko ga itai desu ka?
What part of your leg hurts?/Where on your leg is it that you are hurting?
Literary: What of your leg hurts?
23. お土産は何がいいですか。
Omiyage wa nani ga ii desu ka?
What would be good for souvenirs?
Literally: As for souvenirs, what is good?
24.（お）飲み物は何がいいですか。
(O)nomimono wa nani ga ii desu ka?
What would you like to drink?
As you can see, the very fundamental pattern "X + wa は + Y + ga が + Z" affects question words the same way as any other words, but this also means you’ll have to pay some attention to nuance. Consider the difference between the two following sentences.
25. 社長は誰ですか。
Shachō wa dare desu ka?
Who is the company president?
The topic of conversation here is clearly the company president. The question is “who is he/she”? This sentence would be used when you are asking someone to identify who the person is out of a group of people. You are simply confirming what can be verifiable in front of you, and the conversation naturally led to this question.
26. 誰が社長ですか？
Dare ga shachō desu ka?
Who is the company president?
By itself, this sentence will catch most native speakers off-guard as an odd question. This is because more context is needed for this to be used naturally. The basic nature of ga が presenting new information comes into play here. The person in question may or may not be around the speaker, but the speaker is still directly asking someone to identify the individual. The direct nature of dare ga 誰が happens to be far stronger than with the other question words, which is why is not preferred over other phrasing. The directness can be felt with the other question words as well.
27. 問題は何ですか。
Mondai wa nan desu ka?
What’s wrong?
28. 何が問題ですか?
Nani ga mondai desu ka?
What is the problem?
Just as in English, the same sternness that this question possesses comes across in the Japanese as well. Although both sentences could be translated as "what is the problem," the former is not as direct and is merely innocently asking the question at hand.
Basic Questions in Plain Speech
The lack of desu です or -masu ます in forming questions in plain speech makes using ka か a little bit more tricky, largely because it's not typically used at all. Rather, the phrase becomes a question by the use of high intonation.
29. 大丈夫？
Daijōbu?
Are you okay?
30. それは何？
Sore wa nani?
What is that?
31. あれはクモ？
Are wa kumo?
Is that a spider over there?
32. 上野公園はどこ？
Ueno kōen wa doko?
Where's Ueno Park?
When ka か does happen to be used, a few words of caution are needed. First, it does not attach to da だ like it does with desu です. The only time this is acceptable is when ka か is used to make subordinate clauses, which we'll study in the next lesson. Therefore, da ka だか is wrong and must be changed to either ka か or dropped entirely. This means it will always attach straight to nouns and adjectival nouns without the copula intervening.
Secondly, ka か is primarily used in this fashion by male speakers among friends and or toward people of lower status. When it is used out of these arenas, you create a question that shows no reservation/modesty toward the listener. As such, it is typically favored by men in very casual situations among each other or whenever they are speaking to people inferior to themselves. If this pattern is used toward someone who is not one’s friend nor someone who has a lower status that oneself, the question will create a tone that borders on interrogation, making the speaker sound like a pompous brute, to say the least.
33. 大丈夫か?
Daijōbu ka?
You alright?
34. 君はあほか?
Kimi wa aho ka?
Are you stupid or something?
35. あんた、行くか?
Anta, iku ka?
You coming?
Tone Note: The use of 35 is largely restricted to males in coarse conversation.
Say if the question isn't directed at anyone, but instead, you're talking to oneself or reacting to something and make a rhetorical question to that effect, then か loses its potency. As the following examples demonstrate, this applies to polite speech as well.
36. もう時間（です）か。
Mō jikan (desu) ka.
It's already time, huh...
37. さ、行くか。
Sa, iku ka.
Well, time to go.
38. では、行きますか。
De wa, ikimasu ka.
Alright, time to go.
39. 雨、降ったか。
Ame, futta ka.
It rained, huh.
40. ああ、そうか。
Ā, sō ka.
Ah, really?/I see.
Question Word + ka か: X
Ignoring grammar concerning subordinate clauses which we haven't covered yet, you can't simply add ka か to question words like you can with other nouns in plain speech. Instead, you either need to add the particle yo よ for exclamatory effect or use da だ instead, as non-intuitive as that might seem.
| Who | Dare → Dare da (yo) | だれ → だれだ（よ） |
| What | Nani → Nan da (yo) | なに → なんだ（よ） |
| When | Itsu → Itsu | いつ → いつ |
| Where | Doko → Doko da yo | どこ → どこだ（よ） |
| Why | Dōshite → Dōshite da (yo) | どうして → どうしてだ（よ） |
The use of the particle yo よ adds to the weight of frustration the speaker has, and as such, it is not a given that the question is rhetorical or not. As the chart above suggests, because itsu いつ is almost always adverbial, it is treated differently in heated questions such as these.
41. 何だ、これ？
Nan da, kore ?
What the heck is this?
42. えっ、何だよ！
Eh, nan da yo!
W-what the heck?
43. 鍵はどこだ。
Kagi wa doko da?
Where are the keys?/Where is the key?
44. 鍵はどこだよ！
Kagi wa doko da yo!?
Where are the dang keys!? /Where is the dang key?
45. 君、どうしてだよ！
Kimi, dōshite da yo!?
You...why!?