In this lesson we will learn about speech modals of planning and obligation. The speech modals that we are going to cover are the following.
The noun 積もり may show one's intent or expectation to do something. In speech modals, it is normally left in かな.
1a. 今日何をするつもり（か）？
1b. 今日は何をするの？
What do you plan to do today?
2. 車を買うつもりだ。
I plan to buy a car.
3. 彼女に従うつもりはない。
I have no intention of obeying her.
4. タバコをやめるつもりはない。
I am not planning on quitting smoking.
5. もっと早く帰るつもりでした。
I planned on coming home earlier.
6. 留学するつもりはありますか。
Do you have intentions of studying abroad?
7. 女優のつもりでいる。
She is by way of being an actress.
8. 冗談のつもりで言ったのに、彼を怒らせてしまいました。
I meant it as a joke, but I accidentally made him angry.
9. 日本へ着いたら、日本語の辞典を買うつもりだ。
(When/right after) I arrive in Japan, I plan to buy a Japanese dictionary.
10a. 今日、田中さんに会う予定はない。
10b. 今日、田中さんに会わない。
I have no intention of meeting today.
Word Note: As the two variants above show, sometimes ～つもりだ is a little unnatural. 予定だ shows an intended schedule to inform people.
11. 明日の朝は早く起きるつもりです。
I plan to wake up early tomorrow morning.
12. 旅行は、三日間ぐらいの予定です。
The trip is scheduled to last three days.
13. 明日は授業に行かないつもりです。
I plan to not go to class tomorrow.
14. 友だちのつもりだが何だか妙に馴れ馴れしい。
We intended to be friends, but for some reason we got strangely over-familiar.
Word Note: The verb 目論む may also be used to show planning.
15. あいつが何を目論んでるのか分からねー。(Slang; Vulgar)
I don't know what he's scheming to do.
16. 私は医者になるつもりでしたが。
I planned to become a doctor, but...
17. どこへ行くつもりだい？（Masculine; old-fashioned)
Where do you think you're going?
Phrase Note: The use of ～だい in this sentence makes it a little old-fashioned. Also, it would only be used by men．
18. 来週までに4章読むつもりです。
I plan to read 4 chapters by next week
19. そんなつもりじゃなかったよ。
I didn't mean that.
20. 全力で支援するつもりだよ。
I plan to support you with all my support.
21. 是が非でも留学するつもりらしいです。
He seems to plan to study abroad by all means.
Usage Note: Remember that your plans should be treated differently from another person's.
Grammar Note: 「～たつもりだ、 ～のつもりだ、 ～ているつもりだ」等 show suppositions that contrast reality. They may also show self-centered decisions, subjective impressions, etc.
22. 抜かりなくやったつもりだったが失敗した。
I intended to have made it without blunder, but I failed.
23. 帰るつもりだったが、泊まることになっちゃった。
I intended to go home, but I ended up staying at a hotel.
24. 君の気持ちは分かっているつもり（だ）。(Colloquial)
I believe I know your feelings well enough.
25. コーヒーを一杯飲んだつもりで、特急電車に乗った。
I took a limited express train, and I imagined that I had a cup of coffee.
26. よく読んだつもりでした。
I was convinced that I had read it well.
This usage of つもり is closer to "conviction". ～たつもり shows a defense to one's convictions despite the fact that there is overwhelming evidence to the contrary. This is always why it can sometimes show a selfish side.
27. 切手を貼ったつもりで、手紙をポストに入れてしまった。
I accidentally put a letter into the postbox having thought I put a stamp on it (but I hadn't).
28. 死んだつもりで生きていこうと決心した。
I was determined to live on having thought I would die.
29. いとこはもう大人のつもりだな。
My cousin thinks he's already grownup, eh?
30. 「アメリカ人ですか」。「アメリカ人のつもりですけれど」。
Are you American? I was American the last time I checked, but...
The noun はず shows obligation. The speaker may use this pattern to show that he or she is convinced of what should happen based on some sort of reasoning that is either built on personal judgment or on what he or she is quite sure of is the case.
It follows the 連体形 of verbs or adjectives and nouns with の. It is like "supposed to". The negative is はずじゃない. Lastly, はずがない strongly denies when there is neither reason nor basis.
| Nouns | 本気のはず |
| 形容詞 | いいはず |
| 形容動詞 | 簡単なはず |
| Verbs | 着くはず |
Examples
31. 田中さんという男は顔見知りのはずだ。
That Mr. Tanaka is supposed to be an acquaintance.
32. ここが宝の在り処のはずだ。
This is the whereabouts the treasure is supposed to be.
33. 八時までに宿題をやったはずだよ。
You're supposed to have already finished your homework by 8 o'clock.
34. 手紙はもう着いたはずだ。
The letter is supposed to have already arrived.
35. 彼女は3時に着くはずだった。
She was supposed to arrive at three.
36. 彼はすぐ戻るはずだが。
He's supposed to return soon but.
37. 四日で仕上がるはずだ。
We should finish in four days/on the fourth.
38. ヨーグルトは腸にいいはずですよ。
Yogurt is supposed to be good for your intestines.
39. 君は彼の居場所を知ってるはずさ。(Casual)
You ought to know his whereabouts.
40. それは本当であるはずがない。
It cannot be true.
41. 嘘をついたはずがありません。
He couldn't have told a lie.
42. 今日家にいるはずだ。
He should be at home today.
43. デパートは８時に開くはずです。
The department store is supposed to open at 8.
44. 「あのレストランはいつも込んでますね」「ええ、でも、お昼前に行けば｛込んでいない・人が少ない・空いてい る｝はずですよ。
"That restaurant is always crowded". "Yes, but if you go before noun, it shouldn't be crowded".
45. 「井上さんは来るでしょうか」「ええ、さっき出かけると電話がありましたから、そろそろ｛来る・着く｝はずです」
"Is Inoue coming?". "Yes, I got a call a while ago when we left, and (he/she) should be (coming/getting) here soon".
46a. 生きているということは、体温は35度から36度の間で一定しているはずです.
46b. 生き残るためには、体温を35度から36度の間で保持しなければならない。
In order to live, your body temperature should be stabilized between 35 to 36 degrees.
～べきだ is infrequently used. It shows strong subjective opinion of obligation. ～べきだ attaches to the 終止形 of verbs. When ～べきだ attaches to する, you get す（る）べきだ. This also goes for ずる-Verbs.
| To ought to feel | 感ず（る）べきだ | 感じるべきだ | 感じべきだ X |
| To ought to esteem | 重んず（る）べきだ | 重んじるべきだ | 重んじべきだ X |
It's normally only used with verbs, but when not it shows a strong sense of "should". ～べし should follow the 連体形 ～かる of 形容詞 and the copula as なる for 形容動詞 and nouns. As for -べきだ, it should follow 形容詞 like in あたらしくあるべきだ and after the copula である for 形容動詞 and nouns.
Negative Note: The negative form of this pattern should be ～べきじゃない. Don't feel bad if you are corrected for saying ～ないべきだ. ～ざるべし, which would be the predecessor of such a form, has existed in the past. Though the majority of natives believe that ～ないべきだ is grammatically incorrect, in spoken language, it is seen quite a lot. As a student, you should avoid it.
Examples
47. もっとご両親を敬う｛もの・べき｝です。
You ought to be more respectful to your parents.
Word Note: 両親 alone is only used for "one's parents".
48. 遂に来るべき時が来た。
At last the time when we're supposed to come has arrived!
49. 絶対に守るべき場所。
A place that should be protected always.
50. 内でやるべきだ。
Our (department/group) should do it.
52. 即座に戦うべきだとする意見が多数を占める。
The opinion that we should immediately fight holds the majority
53. 学生はまじめに勉強すべきです。
Students should study seriously.
54. 若い時に、もっと勉強するべきでした。
I should have studied more when I was young.
55. 彼女を軽視すべきではない。
You shouldn't think lightly of her.
56. 喧嘩すべきではなかった。
I shouldn't have argued.
57. 生きるべきか、死ぬべきか、これが問題点だ。
To be or not or not be, that is the question.
58. 皆はもっと睡眠を取るべきだ。
Everyone should get more sleep.
59. 許すべからざる行為。
An action that should not be allowed/forgiven.
60. もっと本を読むべきです。
You should read more books.
61. 中国に行くべきではありませんよ。
You should not go to China.
62. 若い時に、もっと韓国語を勉強するべきだった。
I should have studied Korean more when I was young.
63. よく考えるべきだ。
You should consider it well.
64. 政府は失業者の税負担を免除すべきだ。
The government should exempt the tax burden of the unemployed.
65. どう生きるべきか。
In what way should we live?
Speech Style/Grammar Note: In colloquial speech, だ may be dropped in ～べきだ.