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Because: から, ので, & のだ

第63課: Because: から, ので, & のだ

Showing reason is a very complex matter in Japanese, but these three items, two of which are related to each other, will give you a basic understanding of how to do this.  

から

The most important usage of the conjunctive particle から is to connect clauses to mean "because". It shows reason and may solicit a response, suggest something, or any means that appeals to the listener. If the sentence is polite, the clause it modifies should be too.

     から doesn't have to be used after a dependent clause to show reason. It may also be at the end of a sentence. When at the end of the sentence and followed by だ, you can make a strong assertion. Without a copula, though, you show reason with more emotional appeal. Regardless, if から is used with nouns or 形容動詞, it must be preceded by the copula!

            から goes after the 終止形. So, you should use it after verbs, adjectives, or a copula phrase.

 だ

 だから

 ですから

 形容詞 

 いいから

 形容動詞

 静かだから

 動詞 

 するから 

            In Standard Japanese, you cannot say なから. However, it does exist in certain dialects. For the purposes of Tokyo speech, it is deemed incorrect. 

 Examples

            For some of these examples, a question would be stated before the response in order to sound perfectly natural.  

13. 時間(じかん)があるから、休憩(きゅうけい)をしない？
     Since we have time, how about taking a break?

14. 機械(きかい)が壊(こわ)れたからです。
      It's because the machine broke.

15. 明日、試験(しけん)があるからです。
      It's because I have an exam tomorrow.

16. 簡単(かんたん)だからだ。
      It's because it's easy.

17. あいつが馬鹿だからだな。   (Masculine)
  　It's because he's an idiot, you know.

 のだから

            から can mean "because" and のだ strongly shows reason. Thus, んだから has it that the listener knows the "why". The speaker, then, reasserts. If the listener doesn't know the "why", then it's extremely pushy. A clause following のだから often expresses the speaker's judgment, intent, wish, etc. 

18. やべーから、早くしろ！時間(が)ねーんだよ。すでに遅れてんだから、早よ準備しろ！(Casual; vulgar)
We're screwed, so hurry up! We don't have time! We're already late, so get ready already!

 

            ～たら makes a hypothetical. ねーんだよ means the same thing as ないんだよ. It is just more vulgar. ～てんだ is a contraction of ～ているんだ. 

のだ

のだ decisively shows reason. It may strongly emphasize an exclamation, reasoning, cause, grounds, or desire. It is used when, for instance, you are responding to having been asked for a reason or explanation. のだ allows the speaker to not become detached in conversation. However, it can't be used to just state a fact. It's going to show reasoning of some sort.  
You can see it as のだ (more literary), んだ (spoken), のである (literary), and のでございます (honorific form).  It must follow the 連体形れんたいけい of an adjective or verb. Therefore, with nouns you'll use なのだ, which uses the copula.
 Noun けいようし けいようどうし Verb
 犬なのだ 新しいのだ だめなのだ 見るのだ
のか・[のですか・んですか] is the question form, which inquires why and is perfect for asking for a reason or explanation. In certain situations it may not be appropriate because of tone. の alone can also make a question in casual speech. It shows reason with a falling intonation in feminine speech. As expected, のだ may be used to create a blunt question. 
    Tenses
The following chart lists the following potential conjugations involving tense and or negation for ～のだ. The chart below shows these forms for when ～のだ is used with a nominal phrase. For anything else, simply take away any existing な. As will be discussed in more detail, this chart does not imply each form below is equally used and natural in any circumstance. It is important to not go and run with this but be cautious as to what is frequently used and when.  
  Plain Polite
 Non-past ～なのだ ～なのです
 Past ～なのだった ～なのでした
 Past ～だったのだ ～だったのです
 Negative ～なのじゃない ～なのじゃないです
 Negative ～じゃないのだ ～じゃないのです
 Negative Past ～なのじゃなかった ～なのじゃなかったです
 Negative Past ～じゃなかったのだ ～じゃなかったのです
This chart is for the sake of having all of these basic forms represented. It does not imply that all of these phrases above could even work with any given noun such as 犬. All of these forms are grammatically correct, though some of them would need a lot of context to be natural, and the language for some of them may have to be more old-fashioned to work. 
Patterns italicized are rarer and literary. If bold and italicized, it means that it is rare/older as shown, but it may be frequently used with ～ん instead of ～の. ～のだった is like a rather forceful and also explanatory "it so happened that".
～のじゃない, just like ～じゃない, is often used to ask for verification, but in this sense you are wanting explanation. Even so, you'd be hard pressed to hear ～のじゃない？ Instead, you would hear ～んじゃない? If you wanted the の, ～のではないか would be your next best option. However, this form is more indicative of 書き言葉 or very serious utterances. You should separate this from the のじゃない that comes about from using の as a dummy noun and then following it with the copula.  
～のじゃなかった is like "it wasn't that". Again, in actually speaking this form as well is usually んじゃなかった. This is the case for all of these forms.
ん is 話し言葉的 and の is 書き言葉的. This statement is for this grammatical circumstance, but it is also true that ん is more colloquial in nature where ever it shows up in Japanese. This statement does not also deny the potential of の being used in these forms at all in the spoken language. As you will see, ～のです and ～のですか do get used in careful politeness speech, but ～んです and ～んですか are certainly more prevalent. 
 Examples
1. 負けなかったんだ。
      I didn't lose. 
2. もうすこし安いのはないんですか。
      Do you not have a cheaper one? 
3. 行かないんじゃない？
      You’re not going, right?
4. 行くんじゃない？
      Aren't you going? 
5. あの水は飲むんじゃなかった。
      That water was not to drink. 
6. この次つぎの土曜日どようびに来るんですか。
       Will you be coming next Saturday?
7. 風邪かぜを引ひいたんだ。
    I caught a cold. (Reason)
8. コーヒーは遠慮えんりょしておきます。もうすぐ寝ねるんです。
     I won't drink coffee now. I am going to bed soon.
9. すみません、乗のり遅おくれたのですが。
     Sorry, I missed my ride (vehicle).
10. 梅雨つゆはいつ終わるんですか。
      When is the rainy season over?
11. 「どうして納豆がすきなんだ？」「おいしいんだ」
      "Why do you like natto?" "It's delicious."
12. 友だちが待っているんです。
      My friend is waiting.
Particle Note: The particle ので is actually just the て form of this. It shows specific reasoning and is translated as "because/since." 

ので

ので, んで in casual speech, is used to show reason or cause. Unlike から, it must only be used in this way. So, you should not use it with an imperative of any sort. Also unlike から, ので is used to show reason of present circumstance where there is no control in the matter on your part. It is objective in nature, and so it's also weaker. Appropriate translations include "since", and "because". 

            Unlike から, ので follows the 連体形 of adjectives, verbs, and copula phrases. 

 だ

 なので

 です

 ですので*

 形容詞

 よいので

 形容動詞 

 静かなので

 動詞

 するので

Grammar Notes: 
*1: ですので is technically incorrect Japanese, but it is has become frequently used to the point that is now correct Japanese. 
*2: Although improper in Standard Japanese, だので is actually seen, but it's dialectical. 

            This rule, though, is relatively new in Japanese, and it really has no bearing over ので. In fact, you can also find ～ますので. This, however, will be considered ungrammatical by more speakers than ですので. Why this is the case is not clear, but it probably has to deal with part of speech and the formal nature of ので. If someone doesn't like ～ますので, the person is probably from West Japan.  

 Examples

19. 今日は暖かいので、桜も満開になるでしょう。     
      Since it is warm today, the cherry blossoms will likely be in full bloom.

20. 宿題をし終わったので、外へ遊びに行った。
      Since I finished my homework, I went to play outside.  

21. その料理は思ったよりおいしくなかったので、一口(ひとくち)しか食べませんでした。
      Since that dish wasn't as a good as I thought it would be, I didn't eat more than a bite.

21. 彼が美術館(びじゅつかん)に行きたいというので、案内(あんない)してあげた。
      Because he said he wanted to go to an art museum, I took him around.

22. あまりに寒いので、ストーブをつけた。
      Since it was so cold, I turned on the heater.

23. 日本語がうまく(しゃべれるように)なりたいので、一生懸命勉強(いっしょうけんめいべんきょう)します。
      As I want to become good at Japanese, I'll study with all my might.

24.「包(つつ)みは航空便(こうくうびん)でいくらですか」「６００グラムですので、１５００円になります」
“How much will it cost (to send) for the package?” “Since it is 600 grams, it will be 1500 yen”. 

            When at the end of a sentence, ので is essentially a softer version of のだ.

25. すまない、もう先約があるんで。
    Sorry, I've got a commitment.

26. 終電に乗りたいので。
     I need to catch the last train.

Sentence Note: Ex. 26 is in response to a question.

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