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Whereas Lesson 9 was about how to make basic copular sentences in plain speech, this lesson will be about making those same sort of sentences in polite speech. Although this is the typical starting point in most people's language instruction, the reason why we are seeing this second here is to follow a learning pattern that matches language acquisition of native speakers. 

Polite speech (teineigo 丁寧語) is actually quite difficult to master despite how textbooks are jampacked with expressions in them for students to use. The first struggle is knowing when to use polite speech. Polite speech is used in most everyday interactions with people who are neither family nor close friends. Polite speech, at times, can also be used to distance oneself from one's listener(s), and it is frequently used to set formality. For instance, the majority of news articles are written in polite speech just as how the news would be given on air. 

Before jumping in just yet into the main discussion, let's recap with the grammar terms you'll need to have down. You'll notice most of them from Lesson 9, but some more have been added to help with this lesson's content.

• Subject: The person/thing that performs the action or exhibits the description found in the predicate.
• Predicate: The part of a sentence that makes a statement about the subject. 
• Copula: A word used to link the subject and predicate of a sentence.
  
• Noun: In its most basic definition, a word that refers to a person, place, thing, event, substance, or quality. 
  
• Auxiliary: An ending that helps construct verbal conjugations.
• Independent Clause: A phrase that stands alone as a complete sentence.
• Plain Speech: Jōtaigo 常体語 refers to the entire plain speech register in Japanese grammar.
• Plain Style: Jōtai 常体 is the plain speech rendition of any given phrase.
• Plain Form: Kihonkei 基本形 is the basic form of any given phrase: a.k.a, its plain form.
• Polite Speech: Teineigo 丁寧語 refers to the entire polite speech register in Japanese grammar.
• Polite Style: Teineitai 丁寧体 is the rendition of polite speech with any particular phrasing.
• Polite Form: Teineikei 丁寧形 refers to polite speech conjugations.

The non-past form (hikakokei 非過去形) covers the same semantic range as English's present (genzaikei 現在形 ) and future tenses (miraikei 未来形), but it is imperative that some form of context is included in the sentence or greater context for a future sentence to be interpreted as such. For instance, phrases like "at 10 AM," "surely," etc. used in conjunction with any verbal phrase will cause it to be read as the future tense rather than the present tense. Since we have already seen how this works with だ, our goal will mostly be to try to learn more new words while also getting used to using です.

Terminology Note: The non-past polite form です would never be referred to as the kihonkei 基本形 (base form) as that role is held by だ. Rather, to say ”non-past polite form," you would say hikako-no-teineikei 非過去の丁寧形.

Non-Past: Present

1. ここは神社です。
Koko wa jinja desu.

This place here is a Shinto shrine.

2. 李さんは台湾人です。
Rii-san wa Taiwanjin desu.
[Mr./M(r)s.] Lee is Taiwanese.

3. あなた出番です！
Anata deban desu!
Hey you, [you're up/it's your turn]. 

Phrase Note: あなた出番です！ was once even the name of a popular variety show in the 1960s. 出番 means "turn" and the phrase in Ex. 3 essentially tells the person that it's their time on stage. The use of あなた here is more like "hey you." If you wanted to more literally say, "it's your turn," you would say, anata no deban desu あなたの出番です.

4. えっと、あの人は日本人です。
Etto, ano hito wa Nihonjin desu.
Um, that person over there is Japanese.

Phrase Note: えっと, also eeto ええと is one of the ways to say "um/uh" in Japanese. Another common way is ano あの, which has a rising then following intonation. It is often elongated as anō, which has several different spellings are pronounced the same way: あのう・あのー・あのぉ .

5. それは蛇ですよ。
Sore wa hebi desu yo.
That's a snake.

Grammar Note: The use of それ instead of あれ indicates that the snake is closer to the listener than the speaker. Or, it could indicate that the speaker and listener are looking at a photo of a snake that is unknown to the listener. 

Grammar Note: The particle yo よ is a final particle. Final particles indicate various emotions at the end of the sentence, and they don't alter conjugations that precede them. よ is used to indicate information that the speaker thinks is new to the listener. Try not to overuse it, though, as it may give the impression that you're downplaying the listeners intelligence.

Pronunciation Note: The "u" in desu yo ですよ is actually fully pronounced because the vowel is being followed by a voiced sound, the consonant y.

6. はい、そうです。
Hai, sō desu.
Yes, that’s right.

Grammar Note: Sō そう is an adverb meaning "so," although the coincidence really just ends there. It often stands for "that is so" and may also indicate degree as in "like that." In Ex. 6, though, it's just a typical adverb literally meaning "so" modifying the very verb-like です. Remember how we learned that modifiers always go to the left? The basic word order of this sentence also happens to be V. 

Phrase Note: Hai はい is the Japanese equivalent to "yes" in "yes/no" contexts, but a lot of the time it is simply used to indicate that one is listening to the speaker. This is a cultural practice expected of listeners, so you may have noticed this before in anime or watching Japanese speakers interact. We'll take a closer look at this word and other similar phrases later on.

Non-Past: Future

The past tense form of desu です is deshita でした. As you can see, the ending -TA makes its appearance once more. Let's recap our tense conjugations of the copulas だ and です.

Conjugation Recap

△: This symbol indicates unnatural but not necessary ungrammatical speech.

Variation Note:  Some speakers use datta desu だったです instead of deshita でした, but this is deemed incorrect by most native speakers, and it is dialectal at best. As such, it is always best to use deshita でした. 

12. 日本人は2人でした。
Nihonjin wa futari deshita.
There were two Japanese people.

Grammar Note: The "there" in the English sentence is a filler subject for which there is no Japanese equivalent.

13. 中国人は1人でした。
Chūgokujin wa hitori deshita.
There was one Chinese person.

14. あの男は警察官でした。
Ano otoko wa keisatsukan deshita.
That man was a policeman.

Grammar Note: As we learned in Lesson 9, it isn't always the case that the past tense should be taken literally. In this example, the likely context has it that the speaker is simply telling the listener the occupation of a man they saw. The same goes for Ex. 17 below.

15. ニュースでした。
Nyūsu deshita.
This has been the news.

Grammar Note: In Japanese, the past tense form also extends to perfect tenses (completion). 

16. あれはテロでした。
Are wa tero deshita.
That was terrorism.

17. あの子は男の子でした。
Ano ko wa otoko-no-ko deshita.
That child was a boy.

When creating the negative form--"isn't/aren't"--in polite speech, you have two routes at your disposal with the longest of the two being the politer form. 

The first method, which takes the least amount of effort, involves simply attaching です to [de wa/ja] nai 【では・じゃ】ない. Essentially, you are following a form of the copula with another form of the copula. Remember that じゃ is the contracted form of では. Most grammarians agree that the です in the resultant です to [de wa/ja] nai desu【では・じゃ】ない 【では・じゃない】です functions solely as a politeness-marking auxiliary verb, having completely lost its copular meaning of "to be."  The reason for this is that for です to be interpreted as "to be" in a predicate, it has to be paired with a noun, but the problem here is that ない acts as an adjectival ending. You'll see this same phenomenon reappear when we learn about adjectives in Lesson 13.

The second method involves replacing ない with its proper polite form, which is arimasen ありません. The resultant de wa arimasen ではありません is considerably politer, and its contracted form ja arimasen じゃありません is still on par with a similar level of politeness. Do note, though, that if you are speaking to someone important, avoiding contractions altogether when possible is usually a good call.

Conjugation Recap

△: This symbol indicates unnatural but not necessary ungrammatical speech.

You may be wondering how one gets ありません out of ない. The answer to this is that ない is the negative form of aru ある. This verb is the basic existential verb in Japanese, and it is in fact embedded in the etymologies of all copular phrases in Japanese. ない had always been the exact opposite of ある, which is why it is viewed as its negative form. The ん seen in ありません is a remnant of how negation was once formed, being still used in polite speech due to it sounding refined.

In formal writing written in polite speech, conjugations are avoided, which is why じゃないです and じゃありません are both more likely to appear in conversation rather than in written documents. However, you may still see them in situations such as social media posts. 

18. 私は中学生ではないです。
Watashi wa chūgakusei de wa nai desu.
I am not a junior high student.

19. 彼女はお医者さんではないです。
Kanojo wa o-isha-san de wa nai desu.
She is not a doctor.

20. 彼は高校生ではないです。
Kare wa kōkōsei de wa nai desu.
He is not a high school student.

21. 健太君は小学生じゃないです。
Kenta-kun wa shōgakusei ja nai desu.
Kenta-kun isn’t a student.

Grammar Note: -kun 君 is often added affectionately to male names. Ironically, it is also used in the sense of "Sir/Madam" in parliamentary speech.

22. あれはオオカミじゃないです。
Are wa ōkami ja nai desu.
That isn’t a wolf.

The same two routes to make the negative each have their own past tense form. Just as before, the shorter forms are viewed as being less polite than the longer forms.

To make the casual polite 【じゃ・では】ないです into the past tense, you conjugate nai ない to nakatta なかった, resulting in [dewa/ja] nakatta desu【じゃ・では】なかったです.

 To make the politer negative forms【じゃ・では】ありません into the past tense, you attach でした to ありません, resulting in ありませんでした. This conjugation is very exceptional and doesn't follow typical verb conjugation norms. This is because the ん is a relic of older grammar, and so simply attaching でした which already has the past tense accounted for it was thought of as the best way to modernize the expression.

Now that we've added the negative past forms to our arsenal, let's include them into our conjugation chart.

Conjugation Recap

This lesson demonstrates how polite speech is rather complicated in that the nature of polite speech has resulted in variation that reflects how far one is trying to be polite. This is similar to how English speakers watch how they word things in polite situations with the primary difference being that politeness level has a direct impact in conjugation in Japanese. 

Perhaps the most important grammar note to be had about polite speech is how one never marks a word with です in the middle of a sentence. Better yet, no polite verbal ending is meant to be used anywhere but the end of the sentence. This principle will prevent a lot of mistakes for you as a beginner. 

Our next lessons will focus on two of the most important particles that have already made their way into the basic examples used thus far, and then after that, we'll return to learning more about conjugation!